WebPropylene glycol is a colourless liquid that is relatively viscous, has no odour, and tastes slightly sweet. The authors would like to acknowledge the Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation (FCT) for the funding of the present research work through the grant no: PTDC/EME-MFE/105031/2008 (ACMS) and UID/EMS/00481/2013 (TEMA/DEM). If you want to reproduce the whole article k5fX.TX#HksQ} >6!"vg8{!SP/(b8#_"hr 1q"I}\gxu'Gxq`j^vGF`i R7`md\qM._8>)pbE.x%6s&Eg)c^mDO1 }rZ~&\!=[aHM3]qIvT=nD{vf!oSAc0T]z4J0({(YxkyCWboRycfP'{ug04tTS[eun-8'$Q)^U/+jkaIB@^%BX# 0000086285 00000 n There have been numerous investigations of nanodiamond-nanofluid systems with many suggesting that considerable property enhancements, e.g., increased thermal conductivity, might be possible. The as-obtained LAGP thin film also possessed a high ionic conductivity of 2 10 5 S cm 1 at 25 C and a low electronic conductivity value of 1.1 10 9 S cm 1. Due to the different particle sizes and shapes of nanoparticles, the proposed model can better predict the thermal conductivity and viscosity of N-CQDs nanofluids compared with other empirical models. The Wilson plot method is used to analyze the helical coil side heat transfer coefficients. From the IR spectra, the UDD powders contain some functional groups of H, OH, COOH were clearly observed but the intensity is very low (black line). Because of the poor electrical conductivity of the -SiC particles compared to the base ethylene glycol and propylene glycols ( p < < bf), case (1) therefore holds accordingly. The carbon based materials such as multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT), graphene and nanodiamond (ND) materials contain high thermal conductivity compared to other materials. In addition, both cutting efficiency and slab flatness were recorded. please go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page. Another method for removing the carbon impurities from the UDD powders is with dry salt or dry sucrose [10]. The results showed that BNNBs enhanced thermal conductivity of carrier fluids up to 45%, and the enhancement was proportional to the concentration of BNNBs in the carrier fluid. Experiments were performed to study the transient heat transfer characteristics of probe-ultrasonicated, surfactant-free, ZnOpropylene glycol (ZnOPG) nanofluids under constant heat flux and constant bath temperature conditions. in a third-party publication (excluding your thesis/dissertation for which permission is not required) There are different methods to purify the UDD powders. [17] prepared mineral oil based ND nanofluids and obtained thermal conductivity enhancement of 70% at 0.1wt.%. The reason for the agglomeration of UDD powders in the base fluid is due to the presence of carbon impurities. The hot fluid volume flow rate was fixed to 1 lit/min, whereas, the cold fluid (nanofluid) volume flow rate was varied from 2 to 6 lit/min. They also observed the formation of carboxyl groups on the surface of ND particles based on the FTIR analysis. The PG/W nanofluids are prepared with acid treated ND particles. A sawing test and a simulation were carried out to analyze the sawing trajectory, the surface topography of the segments and the percentage of worn diamond particles. The GMDH model showed a better performance compared to GEP, and could predict all data with an average absolute relative error of 2.27% in training and 2.44% in testing data set. 115-123, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, Volume 76, 2016, pp. Under constant heat flux conditions, ZnOPG nanofluids exhibited linear increase in heat removal rates with increasing nanoparticle concentration. provided correct acknowledgement is given. E-mail: 0000003207 00000 n DOWFROSTfluid has an operating [34] for Al2O3/PG and TiO2/PG nanofluids. In this work, mono B4C and TiB2 and hybrid TiB2:B4C nanoadditives are used for the first time to design nanofluids based on propylene glycol:water 20:80wt%. Sundar et al. Thermal conductivity of nanoparticle-fluid mixture. For reliability, Electrical conductivity of aqueous Propylene glycol (PG/W-30/70) is determined (30EG/70W) as a for three times and the same is compared with 0000002832 00000 n Chemical co-precipitation was used for the synthesis of large quantity of Fe3O4 nanoparticles with an average particle size of 11.42nm. 0000115846 00000 n to access the full features of the site or access our, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27401, USA, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27401, USA. 245-255, Applied Thermal Engineering, Volume 91, 2015, pp. The earlier works reveal the preparation, estimation of thermal conductivity and viscosity of water, ethylene glycol, mineral oil and midel oil based ND nanofluids. The fluid is colorless (water white). 0000073108 00000 n Vajjha and Das [24] also prepared 60:40% (weight ratio) of EG/W based Al2O3, CuO and ZnO nanofluids and measured thermal conductivity up to 10.0vol.%. New thermal conductivity and viscosity correlations have been developed based on the experimental data. [15] observed thermal conductivity enhancement of 12% at 0.9vol.% of nanodiamond (ND)-poly (glycidol) polymer brush/EG nanofluids, similarly observed thermal conductivity enhancement of 11% at 1.0vol.% of ND.oleic acid/mineral oil nanofluids. Absolute deviations lower than 1.5% were obtained between the experimental and predicted data using the aforementioned nanopowder thermal conductivities, as can be observed in Fig. Thereby, nanofluids have proven to be useful in applications, especially electronic cooling, where increasing thermal properties and avoiding electrical conductivity are vital. About 26% increase in coolant side heat transfer coefficient was obtained with 2vol.% ZnOPG nanofluid under constant bath temperature condition which could be attributed to thermal conductivity enhancement as well as improved natural convection due to viscosity reduction. The study also investigated the dispersion stability of BNNBs in different solvents using Hansen Solubility Parameters, revealing that propylene glycol mixtures demonstrated better long-term stability compared to ethylene glycol mixtures. 0 0000060250 00000 n Different weight or mass ratios of ethylene glycol/water (EG/W) or propylene glycol/water (PG/W) fluids are commonly used as engine coolants for automobile radiators and also used as coolant for electronic equipments, heating industrial and residential buildings in the cold countries of the world such as Alaska, Canada, Northern Europe and Russia, because of its low freezing point i.e. 499-508, Energy Conversion and Management, Volume 96, 2015, pp. Group method of data handling (GMDH) and gene expression programming (GEP) as two white-box powerful models were used for modeling. Copyright 2023 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Nanodiamondwater nanofluids were prepared and estimated the thermal conductivity, viscosity and also estimated their potential use in heat transfer applications. Based on the above methods the acid treatment method is more effective compared to other salt and sucrose methods. The stability, thermophysical properties and rheological characteristics of N-CQDs nanofluids were investigated. Based on the results, the thermal conductivity enhancements are 18.8%, 16.8% and 14.1% at 1.0 vol.% of 20:80%, 40:60% and 60:40% PG/W based nanofluids. <50C [21]. [14,15] for mono nanofluids based on the same base fluid, propylene glycol:water 20:80 wt%. would like to thank FCT for his post-doctoral research grant: SFRH/BPD/79104/2011. A detailed procedure is presented for the implementation and evaluation, by Nano-Flash Method, of thermal conductivity of nanofluids with water as base fluid and at different volume concentrations of Al2O3. How about a secondary heat exchanger, i.e primary steam/water heats intermediate water. Intemediate water is pumped to a secondary heat exchanger w The results are beneficial for the design and operation of micro-channel absorber plates. The Raman, XRD and TEM analysis are also used on UDD and ND-acid treated nanoparticles. <]>> The present findings are consistent with those of Palabiyik et al. jralston1@ncat.edu, b The acid treated ND particles were characterized by XRD, TEM, FTIR and XPS. Nanodiamond (ND) nanoparticles of primary particle size of 510nm can be produced in large quantity by using commercially available ultra-dispersed diamond (UDD) powders. 0000000016 00000 n 0000113197 00000 n The UDD powders contains large quantity of carbon impurities, which can be removed using strong acid treatment, dry salt and dry sucrose to make UDD powders into single ND particles. Future research should focus on enhancing the dispersion stability of BNNB nanofluids and exploring the influence of BNNB morphology on the thermal conductivity and other thermophysical properties of nanofluids. For 1.0% vol. The thermal entropy generation is decreased by 31.78% and the frictional entropy generation is raised by 22.50% over the basic fluid data at 1.0% and Reynolds number of 1454.4. The different weight ratios of propylene glycol/water mixtures are used as base. The density, isobaric heat capacity, and thermal conductivity of the nanofluids are determined by the oscillating U-tube, differential scanning calorimetry, and transient hot wire methods, respectively. However, conjugate heat transfer and measurement uncertainties were significant. A. O. Maselugbo, B. L. Sadiku and J. R. Alston, From the Prasher et al. Sundar et al. 107-98-2) Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether Acetate (PMA; CAS No. Copyright Clearance Center request page. Jee and Lee [11] used strong acids of H2SO4 and HNO3 in the molar ratio of 3:1 for the purification of UDD powders and observed the removal of carbon impurities. The thermal conductivity of 0.1vol% of N-CQDs nanofluid increased by 43.21% at 50C compared to the base fluid. trailer One of the authors (L.S.S.) 0000000918 00000 n The two-step approach was used to create ND nanofluids with volume concentrations ranging from 0.2% to 1.0%. The present work focused on the preparation of different weight ratio of PG/W (20:80%, 40:60% and 60:40%) mixture based ND nanofluids and the estimation of thermal conductivity and viscosity experimentally at different particle concentrations and temperatures. Sundar et al. of nanofluid, the exergy efficiency is 22.97%, while for ethylene glycol, it is 6.78%. The preparation of ND based nanofluids and their thermal properties are given below. The low freezing point of water (below 0C) may be achieved by adding different ratios of ethylene glycol or propylene glycol, so that the EG/W or PG/W fluid can operate up to 50C without any difficult [22]. This study investigates theoretically and experimentally the electrical and thermal conductivities of 50/50 water-ethylene glycol based TiO 2 nanofluids with nanoparticle concentrations in the range of 0.05-0.5 vol%. The preparation and properties of hybrid nanofluids containing diamond nanoparticles are analyzed and discussed in detail, and a list of potential uses for these enhanced heat transfer fluids in industrial and commercial applications is provided and deliberated. Download : Download high-res image (216KB)Download : Download full-size image. Conductivity is also affected by temperature: the warmer the water, the higher the conductivity. 0000089466 00000 n The B4C mono nanofluid shows the highest improvements of thermal conductivity (6.0%) and electrical conductivity (70 times higher), but also the highest viscosity increases (5154%). A shell and helically coil heat exchanger (SCHE) is used to experimentally investigate the performance of 60% water and 40% ethylene glycol mixture based Fe3O4 nanofluid as a coolant. Additionally, surface tension and electrical conductivity are investigated. The heat transfer applications of prepared ND nanofluids in a fully developed laminar flow (Reynolds number, Re<2300) can be evaluated based on the Prasher et al. Corresponding authors, a Theoretical approach is used to identify the heat transfer benefits of the prepared propylene glycol/water based ND nanofluids in laminar and turbulent flow conditions using the, Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation, Investigations of thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluids, Viscosity of alumina nanoparticles dispersed in car engine coolant, Thermal conductivity of ethylene glycol and water mixture based Fe, Experimental determination of thermal conductivity of three nanofluids and development of new correlations, Numerical study of turbulent flow and heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids considering variable properties, Experimental investigation on the thermal transport properties of ethylene glycol based nanofluids containing low volume concentration diamond nanoparticles, Thermal transport properties of diamond-based nanofluids and nanocomposites, Volume fraction and temperature variations of the effective thermal conductivity of nanodiamond fluids in deionized water, Enhanced thermal properties of nanodiamond nanofluids, Increase of nanodiamond crystal size by selective oxidation, Experimental investigation of heat transfer and effectiveness of employing water and ethylene glycol mixture based Fe3O4 nanofluid in a shell and helical coil heat exchanger, Heat transfer and exergy efficiency analysis of 60% water and 40% ethylene glycol mixture diamond nanofluids flow through a shell and helical coil heat exchanger, Laminar convective heat transfer, entropy generation, and exergy efficiency studies on ethylene glycol based nanofluid containing nanodiamond nanoparticles, Experimental and modeling studies of N-doped carbon quantum dot nanofluids for heat transfer systems, Modeling thermal conductivity of nanofluids using advanced correlative approaches: Group method of data handling and gene expression programming, Thermophysical, rheological and electrical properties of mono and hybrid TiB2/B4C nanofluids based on a propylene glycol:water mixture, A new frame saw machine by diamond segmented blade for cutting granite, The significance of scaling effects in a solar absorber plate with micro-channels, Improved transient heat transfer performance of ZnOpropylene glycol nanofluids for energy management, Thermal conductivity and viscosity of water based nanodiamond (ND) nanofluids: An experimental study, Effect of temperature and sonication time on nanofluid thermal conductivity measurements by nano-flash method, Thermo-physical properties of diamond nanofluids: A review. Glycol soutions are fed (topped-off) buy a pumped glycol feeder available by JL wingert, armstrong, etc Heat exchanger tubes are .035" wall I've ne The thermodynamic, heat transfer and thermal performance factor were analyzed experimentally at different particle volume loadings of water+ethylene glycol mixture based nanodiamond (ND) nanofluids flow in a shell and helical coiled tube heat exchanger. An estimation of the optimal supplied energy and time for sonication was suggested, while temperature and volumetric concentration effects on thermal conductivity are evaluated by measurements. The purchased ultradispersed diamond (UDD) nanoparticles were treated with strong acid solution to make it into almost single nano-diamond (ND) particles. 8 . The results showed that the Turbiscan stability index of N-CQDs nanofluid was about 1.5 and the T value fluctuated within 0.5%, showing excellent stability. Theoretical approach is used to identify the heat transfer benefits of the prepared propylene glycol/water based ND nanofluids in laminar and turbulent flow conditions using the thermal properties. xref The effect of BNNB concentration in carrier fluids on nanofluid thermal conductivity was investigated by introducing BNNBs into ethylene glycol-water and propylene glycol-water mixtures at 010 wt%. 180 0 obj <> endobj These values are significantly larger than that of the marble frame saw. 0000002868 00000 n WebIn this work, mono B 4 C and TiB 2 and hybrid TiB 2:B 4 C nanoadditives are used for the first time to design nanofluids based on propylene glycol:water 20:80 wt%. WebConductivity is a measure of the ability of water to pass an electrical current. Xie et al. To create stable nanofluids, the ND nanoparticles are ultrasonically agitated with EG for 4h. At a constant heat flux of q=9099W/m2, experiments were carried out in a laminar flow with Reynolds numbers ranging from 264.4 to 2194.4. Therefore, there is no literature on the thermal properties of PG/W mixture based ND nanofluids. The synthesized environmentally friendly N-doped carbon quantum dots nanoparticles (N-CQDs) had a uniform particle size distribution, with particle sizes concentrated between 2 and 2.5nm. 0000088462 00000 n The strong acid treatment on UDD powders, the carboxyl groups are formed on the surface of ND particles, which can be clearly observed in the IR spectra (red line). The thermal conductivity results here reported can be compared with those previously published by Sundar et al. Using propylene glycol (PG) without any dispersants as a salt-free medium, we measure the electrical conductivities of 20, 40, and 60 nm diameter ZnO nanoparticle dispersions up to 7% volume fraction, applying Ohshima's model to determine the limiting ionic conductance of the system. Nanofluid preparation and characterization Nanofluid preparation The exergy analysis and heat transfer characteristics pertaining to the heat exchanger were also investigated. Diamond circular saws and diamond wire saws present some technological limits, and the marble frame saw cannot process granite by now. 0000017674 00000 n The effect of BNNB concentration in carrier fluids on nanofluid thermal conductivity was investigated by introducing BNNBs into ethylene glycol-water and propylene glycol-water mixtures at 010 wt%. [16] prepared 20% of water and 50% of engine oil based ND nanofluids and obtained thermal conductivity enhancement of 25% at 1.0wt.% Taha-Tijerina et al. The peak near 1630cm1 represents the OH bending of physically adsorbed water and the hydrogen, Since the literature does not report for the thermal conductivity ratios of 20:80%, 40:60% and 60:40% PG/W nanofluids, in Fig. Comparisons with data from literature confirmed the validity and the suitability of the nanoflash technique applied to thermal conductivity evaluation. 40-48, Applied Thermal Engineering, Volume 90, 2015, pp. Effects of working temperature on thermo-physical properties and forced convection heat transfer of TiO 2 nanofluids in waterEthylene glycol mixture. The earlier works reveals the preparation, estimation of thermal conductivity and viscosity of PG/W mixture based Al2O3, CuO, and Fe3O4 nanofluids. We are continuing our optimization to bring this level down by an order of magnitude (which is accepted by almost all the fuel cell manufacturers). The X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission, C, respectively compared to their respective base fluids. The results show that the contact area between the blade and granite is not following a straight line, and the time required for stone sawing is only one half of the full sawing cycle. Web9.9 Liquid Water Interfacial Tension: Not pertinent 9.10 Vapor (Gas) Specific Gravity: Not pertinent 9.11 Ratio of Specific Heats of Vapor (Gas): 1.073 9.12 Latent Heat of Vaporization: 306 Btu/lb = 170 cal/g = 7.12 X 105J/kg 9.13 Heat of Combustion: 10,310 Btu/lb = 5,728 cal/g = 239.8 X 105J/kg 9.14 Heat of Decomposition: Not pertinent The stable PG/W mixture based ND nanofluids were prepared by dispersing ND acid treated, The nanodiamond (ND) particles were produced using commercially available ultra-dispersed diamond (UDD) powders. [23] first time prepared 60:40% (weight ratio) of EG/W based CuO nanofluids and observed viscosity enhancement of 4.5-times and 3.1-times at 6.12vol.% at temperatures of 35C to 50C. 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 0000087536 00000 n WebUsing the results for propylene glycol/water with corrosion inhibitor and nanoparticles, for over 3,000 hours of operation, the conductivity of the solution would have gone up to about 27 mS/cm-hr. Since water is seen as the golden standard in thermal conductivity, higher concentrations of ethylene glycol in a water solution will cause heat to pass through it slower, therefore, the lower the amount of ethylene glycol in the mixture, the more efficient it is at conducting heat. The present work shows an innovative frame saw machine to cut granite, the eccentric hinge guide mechanism is introduced into the machine. 0000047379 00000 n The formation of carboxyl (COOH) groups on the surface of ND particles was analyzed by FTIR spectrum. 0000002234 00000 n Webviscosity, a relatively high specific heat and thermal conductivity, as well as good mixing with water and alcohols cause the ethylene glycol to be widely used in practice [13]. To request permission to reproduce material from this article, please go to the The ultra-sonication technique was employed for preparing the mixture and results showed that the stability and thermal conductivity enhancements of Al2O3H2O nanofluids are highly dependent on sonication time and the energy supplied to the fluid for its preparation. [27] prepared PG based Al2O3 nanofluids and estimated viscosity experimentally and proposed viscosity model. WebLearn about the chemical and physical properties of Ethylene Glycol/water mixtures, on our blog. 1123-1135, Experimental thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanodiamond-based propylene glycol and water mixtures, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2016.07.007, nm can be produced in large quantity by using commercially available ultra-dispersed diamond (UDD) powders. 0000087804 00000 n The formation of carboxyl (COOH) groups on the surface of ND particles was analyzed by FTIR spectrum. Interactions between spherical and sheet-like nanoparticles explain this behaviour. The UDD powders contains large quantity of carbon impurities, which can be removed using strong acid treatment, dry salt and dry sucrose to make UDD powders into single ND particles. Ghazvini et al. MEG (Mono Ethylene Glycol) or C2H6O2. WebMaintains low electrical conductivity Uses proprietary non-ionic corrosion inhibitor formulation with years of research Can be used with Formulation: Propylene Glycol, For 1.0% and a Reynolds number of 1454.4, the thermal performance factor is increased by 1.194-times above the basic fluid. Accurate estimation of thermal conductivity (TC) of nanofluids is essential in thermophysical studies of nanofluids.

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